联合国：缅甸成为全球最大鸦片生产国，主要种植区是掸邦

原文来自法新社报道

Myanmar became the world’s biggest producer of opium in 2023, overtaking Afghanistan after the Taliban government’s crackdown on the trade, according to a United Nations report released on Tuesday.

根据联合国周二发布的一份报告，在塔利班政府镇压鸦片贸易后，缅甸将在 2023 年超越阿富汗，成为全球最大的鸦片生产国。

Myanmar produced an estimated 1,080 metric tonnes of opium—essential for producing heroin—this year, according to the latest report by the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

根据联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室 (UNODC) 的最新报告，缅甸今年估计生产了 1,080 公吨鸦片，这是生产海洛因所必需的。

The figures come after opium production in Afghanistan slumped an estimated 95 percent to around 330 tonnes following the Taliban’s ban on poppy cultivation in April last year, according to UNODC.

据毒品和犯罪问题办公室称，塔利班去年 4 月禁止罂粟种植后，阿富汗鸦片产量估计下降 95%，至 330 吨左右。

The “Golden Triangle” border region between Myanmar, Laos and Thailand has long been a hotbed of illegal drug production and trafficking, particularly of methamphetamine and opium.

缅甸、老挝和泰国之间的“金三角”边境地区长期以来一直是非法毒品生产和贩运的温床，特别是甲基苯丙胺和鸦片。

The total estimated value of Myanmar’s “opiate economy” rose to between US$1 billion and $2.4 billion—the equivalent of 1.7 to 4.1 percent of the country’s 2022 GDP, UNODC said.

毒品和犯罪问题办公室表示，缅甸“鸦片经济”的总价值估计升至 10 亿美元至 24 亿美元，相当于该国 2022 年 GDP 的 1.7% 至 4.1%。

Last year, an estimated 790 metric tonnes of opium were produced in Myanmar, it said.

报告称，去年缅甸生产的鸦片估计为 790 公吨。

Myanmar’s legal economy has been gutted by conflict and instability since the military seized power in 2021, driving many farmers to grow poppy.

自 2021 年军方夺权以来，缅甸的合法经济因冲突和不稳定而遭到破坏，迫使许多农民种植罂粟。

Poor access to markets and state infrastructure as well as rampant inflation “appears to have played a significant role in farmers’ decisions in late 2022 to cultivate more poppy”, the report said.

报告称，市场准入和国家基础设施不畅以及猖獗的通货膨胀“似乎在2022年底农民决定种植更多罂粟方面发挥了重要作用”。

Estimated opium production for 2022-23 was at its highest level for more than 20 years, UNODC said.

毒品和犯罪问题办公室表示，预计 2022-23 年鸦片产量将达到 20 多年来的最高水平。

UNODC also said poppy cultivation in Myanmar was becoming more sophisticated, with increased investment and better practices—including improved irrigation and possible use of fertilizers—pushing up crop yields.

毒品和犯罪问题办公室还表示，随着投资的增加和更好的做法（包括改善灌溉和可能使用化肥），缅甸的罂粟种植变得更加复杂，从而提高了作物产量。

Afghanistan, the world’s biggest producer for some years, has seen cultivation collapse after the Taliban authorities vowed to end illegal drug production.

阿富汗多年来一直是世界上最大的毒品生产国，但在塔利班当局发誓要结束非法毒品生产后，该国的种植面积大幅下降。

Poppy crops accounted for almost a third of the country’s total agricultural production by value last year, but the area used for poppy shrank from 233,000 hectares in late 2022 to 10,800 in 2023.

去年，罂粟作物几乎占该国农业总产值的三分之一，但罂粟种植面积从 2022 年底的 233,000 公顷减少到 2023 年的 10,800 公顷。

In Myanmar, the main cultivating area is Shan State, the northern part of which has been convulsed by fighting in recent weeks after an alliance of ethnic minority armed groups launched an offensive against the junta and its allies.

在缅甸，主要种植区是掸邦，最近几周，少数民族武装组织联盟对军政府及其盟友发动攻势后，掸邦北部地区陷入战乱。

Shan accounted for about 88 percent of the 41,300 hectares of opium poppy areas nationwide, the UN report said.

联合国报告称，全国41,300公顷罂粟种植面积中，掸邦约占88%。

In eastern Shan, the average estimated yield of opium per hectare increased from 19.8 kg in the 2022 survey to 29.4 kg in 2023, it said.

报告称，在掸邦东部，每公顷鸦片的平均估计产量从2022年调查的19.8公斤增加到2023年的29.4公斤。

Shan State occupies almost a quarter of Myanmar’s land mass and is dotted with ravines and jungle-clad hills.

掸邦占据了缅甸近四分之一的土地，遍布峡谷和丛林覆盖的山丘。

A giddying array of ethnic armed organizations that can call on tens of thousands of well-armed fighters control swathes of the state, which the UN says is also Southeast Asia’s primary source of methamphetamine.

一系列令人眼花缭乱的民族武装组织可以召集数以万计的装备精良的战士，控制着该州的大片地区，联合国称该州也是东南亚甲基苯丙胺的主要来源。

Some administer autonomous enclaves granted to them by previous juntas, which analysts say are home to casinos, brothels and weapons factories.

一些人管理着前军政府授予他们的自治飞地，分析人士称这些飞地是赌场、妓院和武器工厂的所在地。

The UN said cultivation had also increased in northern Kachin State and in Chin State on the border with India.

联合国表示，克钦邦北部和与印度接壤的钦邦的种植面积也有所增加。

Analysts say the military, which ousted an elected government and seized power in 2021, is not serious about ending the multi-billion dollar trade.

分析人士表示，军方在 2021 年推翻了民选政府并夺取了权力，他们并不认真地想要结束这项价值数十亿美元的贸易。

In a rare admission earlier this year, the head of Myanmar’s Central Committee on Drug Abuse Control said its efforts to crush the trade were having no impact.

今年早些时候，缅甸药物滥用管制中央委员会主席罕见地承认，其打击毒品贸易的努力没有产生任何效果。

我们来分析下文章：

文章里面提到掸邦东部：

掸邦东部，传统的鸦片种植地就是佤邦、小勐拉、东掸邦。

前几天有在小勐拉的读者发来消息，说在小勐拉街头看到摆摊卖菜的，有卖这个：

一般人可能不认识这是啥，感觉有点像荠菜。

其实这是罂粟的幼苗。

可以用来当蔬菜。

我挺好奇，小勐拉都当街卖罂粟了么？

如果是中国，这种行为会被喝茶的。

非法种植毒品原植物的法律责任

根据《刑法》第三百五十一条规定：非法种植罂粟、大麻等毒品原植物的，一律强制铲除。有下列情形之一的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并处罚金：

（一）种植罂粟五百株以上不满三千株或者其他毒品原植物数量较大的；

（二）经公安机关处理后又种植的；

（三）抗拒铲除的。

非法种植罂粟三千株以上或者其他毒品原植物数量大的，处五年以上有期徒刑并处罚金或者没收财产。

非法种植罂粟或者其他毒品原植物，在收获前自行铲除的，可以免除处罚。

第三百五十二条【非法买卖、运输、携带、持有毒品原植物种子、幼苗罪】非法买卖、运输、携带、持有未经灭活的罂粟等毒品原植物种子或者幼苗，数量较大的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并处或者单处罚金。

根据《治安管理处罚法》第七十一条规定：有下列行为之一的，处十日以上十五日以下拘留，可以并处三千元以下罚款；情节较轻的，处五日以下拘留或者五百元以下罚款：

（一）非法种植罂粟不满五百株或者其他少量毒品原植物的；

（二）非法买卖、运输、携带、持有少量未经灭活的罂粟等毒品原植物种子或者幼苗的；

（三）非法运输、买卖、储存、使用少量罂粟壳的。

有前款第一项行为，在成熟前自行铲除的，不予处罚。